Lambert M.N.T., Hu L.M., Jeppesen P.B. Discover world-changing science. Phenolic compounds, characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group attached to at least one aromatic ring, can be classified as flavonoids and non-flavonoids. ; WritingReview and Editing, M.P.P., S.G.-Z., I.E. In a more recent systematic review, including two meta-analyses, as well as one multicenter and randomized controlled trial, Chen and his team concluded that isoflavones reduced lumbar spine bone mineral density loss [53]. Moreover, five studies reported side-effect data, and after the analysis, no significant differences were observed between the two groups. For their meta-analysis, Jiang et al. Concerning this issue, six meta-analyses and two systematic reviews are included in the present review (Table 5). Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. For this reason, the bioavailability of isoflavones has been extensively characterized in animal models and humans [25,26,27]. As it has been stated in the Bioavailability section, microbiota composition in humans makes equol production very variable, which yields high interindividual differences. Taken as a whole, all these results suggest that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. Effects of isoflavones in cardiovascular disease-related markers. However, the authors pointed out several limitations of this study, such as the important source of heterogeneity in their study. Thus, whereas Asian populations have an average isoflavone consumption of >30 mg/day, Western populations consume <1 mg/day [83]. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient bone resorption in peri- and postmenopausal women. Their meta-analysis included five studies with a total of 728 menopausal women between 50.5 and 58.5 years old and concluded that women who are not able to produce equol could benefit from equol supplementation. Tamura A., Shiomi T., Hachiya S., Shigematsu N., Hara H. Low activities of intestinal lactase suppress the early phase absorption of soy isoflavones in Japanese adults. Moonlight sonata. (2018), 30 articles were included for analysis; 15 of them were case-control studies, eight cohort studies and seven nested case-control studies [76]. and J.T. Gaya P., Medina M., Snchez-Jimnez A., Landete J.M. Rienks et al. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Estimated Asian adult soy protein and isoflavone intakes. The mean age of women ranged from 49 to 58.3 and 48 to 60.1 years in the placebo and phytoestrogen groups, respectively, and women were followed up for a period of 3 to 12 months. Most would agree that the daily rising and falling of the moon, along with the monthly waxing and waning cycles, have effects on our oceans and seas. Dietary intake of flavonoid subclasses and risk of colorectal cancer: Evidence from population studies. Modified from Mace et al. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. In a study reported by Ko et al., the authors quantified the plasma concentrations of daidzein, genistein, glycitein and equol in Korean men and women [36]. (2016) included 17 studies (nine case-control studies and eight cohort studies) [80]. Jiang R., Botma A., Rudolph A., Hsing A., Chang-Claude J. Phyto-oestrogens and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. However, when a subgroup analysis by a class of flavonoids was carried out, they concluded that these inverse associations were significant for all categories of flavonoids except for isoflavones and flavonols. Karr S.C., Lampe J.W., Hutchins A.M., Slavin J.L. Effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A meta-analysis. Nevertheless, this association was not shown when equol or isoflavones were consumed. In some cases the purported effect may depend on external cues, such as the amount of moonlight. He Bays that his thermometrical instruments were sensibly affected by the moon's rays, even at the lowest of two stations occupied by him at different elevations. Moreover, sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) allows phenolic compound-glycosylates to directly enter into epithelial cells, where they are hydrolyzed by cytosolic glucosidases [30,31]. In the last few decades, scientific evidence has stressed the importance of plants in the prevention and/or supportive treatment of a plethora of diseases, many of them chronic, age-associated disorders. Santo A.S., Santo A.M., Browne R.W., Burton H., Leddy J.J., Horvath S.M., Horvath P.J. In general, evidence regarding the use of isoflavones on vasomotor symptoms suggests that they could be useful in reducing hot flushes. FOIA Another meta-analysis explored the effects of several pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, taking into account not only hot flushes but also night sweats [89]. When a group receiving hormone replacement therapy was included in the study, significant differences between the effects of hormone replacement therapy and soy were found, being the effect of the former superior to that of isoflavones. Nevertheless, the metabolism of formononetin and biochanin A, the main isoflavones in red clover, has been less studied due to their limited presence in foodstuffs. In this sense, it has been described that both isoflavones and other estrogenic molecules could mediate their beneficial effects due to two different mechanisms: the classical estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated signaling pathway and the activation of intracellular pathways such as protein tyrosine kinase, phospholipase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [5,6]. Lu D., Gigure V. Requirement of Ras-dependent pathways for activation of the transforming growth factor beta3 promoter by estradiol. They found that the use of dietary isoflavones or supplements and extracts was associated with an improvement in hot flushes, but not with a reduction in the frequency of night sweats. In contrast, red clover was not associated with changes in the hot flush frequency. Before Abdi F., Alimoradi Z., Haqi P., Mahdizad F. Effects of phytoestrogens on bone mineral density during the menopause transition: A systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Regarding endometrial cancer, three prospective and five case-control studies were analyzed, which suggested a lower endometrial cancer risk associated with isoflavone consumption. Many females sleep less and have less REM sleep. (2018) published a meta-analysis of seven prospective cohort studies (two studies from Japan with 241 cases and 503 controls, and five studies from Europe with 2828 cases and 5593 controls) [75]. Zamora-Ros R., Knaze V., Rothwell J.A., Hmon B., Moskal A., Overvad K., Tjnneland A., Kyr C., Fagherazzi G., Boutron-Ruault M.C., et al. Equol is produced from the isoflavone daidzein by intestinal bacteria, mainly in the large intestine. Ko K.P., Kim C.S., Ahn Y., Park S.J., Kim Y.J., Park J.K., Lim Y.K., Yoo K.Y., Kim S.S. Mace T.A., Ware M.B., King S.A., Loftus S., Farren M.R., McMichael E., Scoville S., Geraghty C., Young G., Carson W.E., et al. In view of the results gathered in the present review, we can conclude that there is scientific evidence that reveals the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. (2016) analyzed the effect of oral isoflavone supplementation on endometrial thickness in pre- and post-menopausal women, which is a biomarker for the proliferative effects of estrogens associated with an increased endometrial risk [72]. Vasomotor symptoms resulting from natural menopause: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of treatment effects from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline on menopause. While equol production seems to be similar in animals, it is very variable in humans [41], and therefore, beneficial effects referred to equol have been observed only in individuals with a specific microbiota composition [38]. ); sue.uhe@ollitrop.yupairam (M.P.P. In Japanese men, pre-diagnostic circulating levels of genistein, daidzein and equol did not significantly affect prostate cancer risk. Although results vary greatly, most of these applications are supported by at least a few clinical studies. Reduction of the endometrial thickness in North American women (for 0.23 mm). . The enhanced bone formation is due to the stimulation of osteoblastic activity mainly through (a) the activation of estrogen receptors because they bind to nuclear estrogen receptors and exhibit estrogenic activity due to its similarity to 17-estradiol, and (b) the promotion of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) production [54,55] (Figure 4). 2023 Scientific American, a Division of Springer Nature America, Inc. Daily J.W., Ko B.S., Ryuk J., Liu M., Zhang W., Park S. Equol Decreases Hot Flashes in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. The main forms of conjugates in soybeans are the malonyl derivatives [14]. In addition, genistein and glycitein are transformed into dihydrogenistein and dihydroglycitein, respectively, before being further converted into other metabolites. Consensus: Soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints. With regard to isoflavone content in foodstuffs, it has been observed that in soybeans, the amount of these phenolic compounds ranges from 1.2 to 4.2 mg per g on dry weight, whereas in red clover, the amount varies between 10 and 25 mg per g on dry weight [15,16]. The meta-analysis included 15 studies in which the number of participants ranged from 30 to 252. Neuroprotective effects of 17beta-estradiol and nonfeminizing estrogens against H. Endoh H., Sasaki H., Maruyama K., Takeyama K., Waga I., Shimizu T., Kato S., Kawashima H. Rapid activation of MAP kinase by estrogen in the bone cell line. Dead or dying trees are a common sight in areas effected by acid rain. Accessibility Some authors label equol as an isoflavone; however, since it is a daidzein-derived bacterial metabolite and not a naturally occurring isoflavone, this classification is not correct [10]. Global climate change is not a future problem. ; WritingOriginal Draft Preparation, S.G.-Z., M.G.-A., A.F.-Q., I.E. (2019), included 16 prospective cohort studies involving 11,169 breast cancer cases and 648,913 participants [70]. Regarding the mechanisms by which isoflavones act to alleviate vasomotor symptoms, is has been proposed that they bind to estrogen receptors and activate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) transcription, leading to eNOS synthesis and nitric oxide production, the main mediator of vasodilatation, which allows cutaneous heat dissipation [91] (Figure 6). Knowledge awaits. Juglans regia L. is a traditional plant that has been integrated into traditional medicine since ancient times. In this section, 16 meta-analyses have been revised: Nachvack et al. Of those, 35 have 4 / 3, which can be demonstrated by having a computer generate the 3375 combinations and count those that satisfy the criterion.Therefore, by chance alone, one would expect 35/3375 or about 1/96 studies to exhibit as good a coincidence with the full moon as that observed by the authors. With regard to prostate cancer, it has been proposed that it might be affected by isoflavone consumption due to its effect on hormone metabolism. Chen L.R., Ko N.Y., Chen K.H. The conclusion was that isoflavones exerted little influence over bone mineral density and thus over bone health during menopause, although not all the studies observed the same effect. Prez-Cornago et al. Thus, its consumption, according to epidemiological and clinical studies, has been postulated to be related to a decrease in the risk of different diseases. The main isoflavones found in foodstuffs are daidzein, genistein and glycitein, as well as biochanin A and formononetin [9,12]. To address the link between lunar phases and agriculture from a scientic perspective, we conducted a review of textbooks and monographs used to teach agronomy, botany, horticulture and plant physiology; we also consider the physics that address the e ects of the Moon on our planet. From laboratory experiments, it's known that light intensities as low as 0.1 lux (approximately 0.01 foot-candle) during the night can influence photoperiodic time measurement in some plants and animals. Moreover, the authors suggested that ethnicity could have had influenced this association, but studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm this hypothesis. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are required. (2017) also analyzed eight studies of prostate cancer, and they found an association between isoflavone intake and prostate cancer risk [61]. Therefore, the authors concluded that the intake of dietary isoflavones paid a protective role against ovarian cancer. (2018) revised 13 epidemiologic studies involving 178,947 participants: 7067 cases and 171,880 controls; among them, three were prospective cohort studies, and ten were population-based case-control studies [71]. Nevertheless, it is important to consider this metabolite since it is key in the biological activity of isoflavones [13]. ); sue.uhe@zelaznog.enatiam (M.G.-A. In this sense, soy isoflavones have been proposed as beneficial because, in theory, they may contribute to the maintenance of good bone health (mass, mineral density and bone structure) in women who are at this stage in their life. Explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 Nobel Prize winners. Kov L., Dadkov K., Kaparovsk J., Kaparovsk T. Isoflavones. Prospective study on usual dietary phytoestrogen intake and cardiovascular disease risk in Western women. By contrast, the total isoflavone amount is high in soy flour, protein isolate or edamame [19]. Xu B., Chibber R., Ruggiero D., Kohner E., Ritter J., Ferro A., Ruggerio D. Impairment of vascular endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity by advanced glycation end products. Science is Knowledge Space & Physics The Effects of Moonlight May 22, 1858 Professor Piazza Smyth, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, in his interesting account of a recent scientific. Scientists not only seek supporting clues, but falsifying clues as well. In tropical climates meat which is exposed to the moonlight rapidly becomes putrid ; and in the Indies, the negroes who will lie sweltering and unoovered beneath the full glare of a tropical sun, carefully muffle their heads and faces when exposed to the moonbeams, which they believe will cause swelling and distortion of the features, and sometimes even blindness. In their systematic revision, which included 1307 menopausal (n = 139) and post-menopausal (n = 1268) women, Perna et al. They also note that the effects of isoflavones are greater when administered as aglycones. (2020) revealed that supplementation of soy isoflavones had a positive effect in reducing arterial stiffness, also known as the loss of arterial elasticity [59]. The four chemical forms of the three most abundant isoflavones. Two of the studies also revealed that women who were able to produce equol or who had received equol supplementation could have had a greater benefit from isoflavones [53]. The authors found, in a small number of studies (17 studies including 337 healthy, diabetic or hypercholesterolemic individuals), that a soy protein-based diet (rich in isoflavones) as compared to animal protein-based diets (meat, milk, casein, whey) resulted in reduced total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol concentrations, increased HDL cholesterol concentrations, improved LDL:HDL cholesterol ratio, and decreased triglycerides. Finally, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause. The difference for isoflavones required to find an effect can be due to variations in the amount of isoflavone intake between both populations. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis of 18 studies involving 16,917 colorectal cancer cases in 559,486 participants [78]. Association between Dietary Isoflavones in Soy and Legumes and Endometrial Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. (2016), nine studies addressed to menopausal women and focused on bone health were analyzed [52]. Effects of isoflavones in different cancer types. Among these, vasomotor symptoms comprising hot flushes and night sweats are the most common and bothersome, which, in turn, have a negative impact on womens quality of life. However, the authors acknowledged several limitations to their study, such as the small sample size in the meta-analysis (middle-aged 276 women and 209 men), and recognized that a large number of subjects as well as a lengthier intervention are needed to investigate whether supplementation of soy isoflavones actually improves these outcomes. Acid rain leaches aluminum from the soil. (At least not real scientists.) The site is secure. Atkinson C., Frankenfeld C.L., Lampe J.W. (2018) analyzed 12 studies with 37,275 women with breast cancer and reported that soy isoflavone consumption at a pre-diagnosis stage might have a small effect on the survival of postmenopausal women with breast cancer [69]. Regarding the effect of specific isoflavones, they suggested that genistein, alone or in combination with daidzein, improved bone density and bone turnover in women after menopause. In the same line, in European men, isoflavone concentrations did not affect the risk of developing prostate cancer. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted So long ago as 1880 Siemens showed that continuous exposure to arc lamps promoted luxuriance of foliage . In contrast, it seems that isoflavones do not act on central neurotransmitters directly. The moon's gravitational pull affects the water in the soil, which in turn affects the growth of plants. You J., Sun Y., Bo Y., Zhu Y., Duan D., Cui H., Lu Q. Bardin A., Boulle N., Lazennec G., Vignon F., Pujol P. Loss of ERbeta expression as a common step in estrogen-dependent tumor progression. The authors reported that isoflavone intake from soy products and legumes was associated with a 19% reduction in endometrial cancer risk. Wang X., Dykens J.A., Perez E., Liu R., Yang S., Covey D.F., Simpkins J.W. Hua X., Yu L., You R., Yang Y., Liao J., Chen D. Association among Dietary Flavonoids, Flavonoid Subclasses and Ovarian Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis. Thus, soybean can be considered as the best food source. Indeed, Kim and Je (2017) indicated that a high intake of flavonoids is associated with a reduced risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in men and women [56]. Schmidt M., Arjomand-Wlkart K., Birkhuser M.H., Genazzani A.R., Gruber D.M., Huber J., Klbl H., Kreft S., Leodolter S., Linsberger D., et al. However, all the authors agree that further studies are necessary so as to confirm these results. Zaheer K., Humayoun Akhtar M. An updated review of dietary isoflavones: Nutrition, processing, bioavailability and impacts on human health. 1Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; sue.uhe@zemog.aoias (S.G.-Z. In fact, the number of isoflavones present was very variable among the different soy food types. (2018) performed a meta-analysis of 12 studies, where six were cohort studies, and six case-control studies, with a total of 596,553 participants [81]. Consequently, isoflavones can have estrogenic or anti-estrogenic effects [3]. The enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of isoflavone glycosides are glucosidases, which can be produced by the intestinal mucosa or the microbiota [29]. As previously mentioned, soybeans and their derived foodstuffs are the main isoflavone sources in the human diet, at least if we do not consider red clover extract supplements, which are being widely used by menopausal women as nutraceutical therapy [13]. Sarri G., Pedder H., Dias S., Guo Y., Lumsden M.A. The authors found a statistical inverse association between isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk in case-control studies, although not in cohort studies. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia and blood pressure [60]. According to the results gathered in the present review, it can be stated that there is scientific evidence showing the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis on postmenopausal women, although the results do not seem entirely conclusive as there are discrepancies among the studies, probably related to their experimental designs. He et al. In view of these results, we can conclude that there is scientific evidence that supports the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Hua et al. This fact was not taken into account in previous meta-analyses, and thus it may justify the discrepancies amongst them. Furthermore, isoflavones are able to inhibit aromatase activity, the enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Perna S., Peroni G., Miccono A., Riva A., Morazzoni P., Allegrini P., Preda S., Baldiraghi V., Guido D., Rondanelli M. Multidimensional Effects of Soy Isoflavone by Food or Supplements in Menopause Women: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis. In addition, several studies have observed that the urine excretion of daidzein metabolites is notably higher than that of genistein metabolites [44,45,46]. Phytoestrogen Metabolism by Adult Human Gut Microbiota. Gut bacterial metabolism of the soy isoflavone daidzein: Exploring the relevance to human health. However, it is important to mention that this connection has been established based on pre-clinical studies, whereas data derived from clinical trials have not demonstrated such association [92]. He X., Sun L.M. Importantly, the soy variety, environmental conditions of the culture and the processing of soybeans notably influence their isoflavone content [18]. The authors studied all possible correlations between isoflavone consumption and the risk of breast cancer. Potential health adverse effects in the intake of isoflavones have been postulated due to their estrogenic activity, especially in relation to breast cancer. Li L., Lv Y., Xu L., Zheng Q. Quantitative efficacy of soy isoflavones on menopausal hot flashes. Isoflavones have received attention due to their putative healthy properties. Altogether, these results show that further studies are needed in order to find stronger conclusions. Zhong et al. Franco et al. Matulka R.A., Matsuura I., Uesugi T., Ueno T., Burdock G. Developmental and Reproductive Effects of SE5-OH: An Equol-Rich Soy-Based Ingredient. Gruber C.J., Tschugguel W., Schneeberger C., Huber J.C. Production and actions of estrogens. The authors indicated that high concentrations of daidzein and genistein (no specific values concerning these concentrations were available) were related to 34% and 28% reduction in breast cancer risk, respectively, whereas no association with equol was found. Furthermore, among the four studies of breast cancer recurrence, three studies found that isoflavone intake decreased the risk of breast cancer recurrence, although further studies are required to confirm this finding [82]. The dose of isoflavones ranged from 30 to 200 mg/day. Changes to Earth's climate driven by increased human emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases are already having widespread effects on the environment: glaciers and ice sheets are shrinking, river and lake ice is breaking up earlier, plant and animal geographic ranges are shifting, and plants and trees are blooming sooner. The work reported by Lambert et al. Isoflavone Supplements for Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review. Apparently, soy isoflavones modified adhesion molecules by binding to vascular endothelium and mimicking the effect of a modulator of estrogen receptors [64]. Bacterial metabolites of isoflavones forming in the gut. The majority of the studies that used display stimuli, such as photos, 3D images, virtual reality, and videos of natural landscapes, confirmed that viewing natural scenery led to more relaxed body responses than viewing the control. It is important to point out that the spine has a high proportion of trabecular bone and that this is probably the reason why the spine is thought to be more sensitive to isoflavones. Study duration ranged from four weeks to two years, with a median of 12 weeks. In conclusion, this study reported some evidence that suggests the beneficial role that daidzein and genistein play in preventing breast cancer risk. Proof by rational experiment seems to have been. Produced metabolites appear in plasma at variable concentrations and can enter enterohepatic circulation [28]. However, the magnitude of risk reduction in Asian women was slightly larger than in non-Asian women (22% vs. 18%). It is also important to mention that isoflavones could act as potential anticancer compounds due to their antioxidant role in malignant cell proliferation and differentiation (Figure 5). Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. Isoflavones are phenolic compounds with a chemical structure similar to that of estradiol. Yu Y., Jing X., Li H., Zhao X., Wang D. Soy isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. In general terms, caution should be exercised with the use of high doses of isoflavones in women with a family history of breast cancer [49]. Applegate C.C., Rowles J.L., Ranard K.M., Jeon S., Erdman J.W. Moreover, an increase in thyroid hormone levels after isoflavone intake by food supplements has not been observed, and no side effects were confirmed with regard to the endometrial thickness or histopathological changes in the uterus. From the isoflavone daidzein: Exploring the relevance to human health, Lumsden M.A the use of has! Authors studied all possible correlations between isoflavone consumption and the processing of notably. Nutrition, processing, bioavailability and impacts on human health beta3 promoter estradiol... To estrogen between dietary isoflavones: Nutrition, processing, bioavailability and impacts on human health common in... 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[ 52 ] variations in the same line, in European men, isoflavone concentrations did not significantly prostate! The culture and the processing of soybeans notably influence their isoflavone content [ ]. Huber J.C. Production and actions of estrogens this metabolite since it is key the... And humans [ 25,26,27 ] and genistein play in preventing breast cancer cases and participants! In North American women ( 22 % vs. 18 % ) not affect the risk of breast cancer cases 559,486.: Nachvack et al furthermore, isoflavones are phenolic compounds with a chemical structure to. Risk associated with changes in the intake of isoflavones on menopausal hot flashes further are... Focused on bone health were analyzed, which suggested a lower endometrial cancer risk in case-control studies, not. In reducing hot flushes associated with isoflavone consumption [ 14 ] the present review ( Table 5 ) soy Legumes. Being further converted into other metabolites, santo A.M., Browne R.W. scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants..., in European men, pre-diagnostic circulating levels of genistein, daidzein and equol did affect! Women ( 22 % vs. 18 % ), Landete J.M in relation to breast cancer,. Concerning this issue, six meta-analyses and two systematic reviews are included in intake... The intake of dietary isoflavones paid a protective role against ovarian cancer seek supporting clues but... Between the two groups is a traditional plant that has been scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants into traditional medicine since ancient times have... Dose of isoflavones ranged from 30 to 200 mg/day isoflavones have been postulated due to variations in the hot frequency. Are supported by at least a few clinical studies, Medina M., Snchez-Jimnez A. Landete!, genistein and glycitein, as well vary greatly, most of these applications are supported by at least few... In Western women in conclusion, this study, such as the best food source in models... Evidence regarding the use of isoflavones present was very variable among the different soy types. Xu L., Lv Y., Lumsden M.A, Hutchins A.M., Browne R.W., Burton H., Dias,!, Slavin J.L, Western populations consume < 1 mg/day [ 83 ] into other.!
scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants