Geophysical Research Letters. Geophysical Journal International, 159, 165206. It was the worst that ever occurred in that country. [6], In Muzaffarpur, sand fissures erupted at several places in town. India Spec. In Bhagalpur district many buildings collapsed. Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, Nepal (136 p). The Postal Savings Bank showed an appreciable increase in the deposits. 259277). Paleoseismic evidence of great surface rupture earthquakes along the Indian himalaya. Google Scholar. 1.Bihar Earthquake, 1934 This quake is considered to be one of the worst quakes in Indian history. Paleoseismological evidence of surface faulting along the northeastern himalayan front, India: Timing, size, and spatial extent of great earthquakes. THE DISTRIBUTION OF INTENSITY OF THE BIHAR-NEPAL EARTHQUAKE OF 15 JANUARY 1934 AND BOUNDS ON THE EXTENT OF THE RUPTURE ZONE M. R. Pandey* and Peter Molnar ** ABSTRACT We have recompiled the descriptions of damage and destruction caused by the 15 January 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake, given by both Dunn et al. Lack of a central zone in which the shaking was demonstrably stronger than elsewhere suggests that the waves did not originate within the plains of India. to Chitawan. Whereas areas like Dhankuta, Sindhupalchowk, Rasuwagadhi, Chainpur, Taplejung also suffered damage. IS 1893 Part 1 [1]) and only about 3 % of . The first was its basic . 6 Celebs Who Lost Their Lives Under the Knife. Reinforced concrete and reinforced brick work replaced the use of mud, mortar and lime. The maximum Mercalli Intensity was estimated about XI, on a scale of I to XII. The epicenter of the earthquake was in Nepal six miles south of Mt. Overcoming the odds How Babur Arafat brought Pride to India. Gutenberg, B., & Richter, C. F. (1954). The 1934 Nepal-Bihar Earthquake. The flood may result due to damage caused to the dams. Nepal Ko Maha Bhukampa (The Great Earthquake of Nepal) (pp. Devastatingdisasters.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. [1] Wikipedia entry on the Bihar Earthquake: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Bihar_earthquake. Recovered bench-marks measured along the 550-km-long leveling line between 84 deg E and 88 deg E subside by as much as 1.1m near points that have subsided by less than 0.2m, and hence the data are considered more a measure of sediment slumping and liquefaction than a measure of earthquake-related footwall subsidence (Bilham et al 1998). Palaeoliquefaction evidence of prehistoric large/great earthquakes in north Bihar, India. Most of the destruction of structures built on unconsolidated sediment had been assumed due to amplification effect of such loose deposits. Seeber, L., & Armbruster, J. the worst was the 1934 earthquake in which more than 10,000 people lost their lives, followed . Seismicity of the earth and associated phenomena. Jorganesh Press. [11] Rabindranath Tagore took offence to the irrationality in his statement and accused Gandhi of superstition, even though he was totally in agreement with Gandhi on the issue of untouchability. It should be noted that peak shaking occurred only after few minutes of initiation of shaking allowing sufficient time for evacuation at the mid-day; hence less casualties. Thus the inferred rupture geometry given the above numerous qualifications of uncertainty, are approximately as follows. 117, S2, 773-782. Powers P M, Lillie R J and Yeats R S 1998 Structure and shortening of the Kangra and Dehra Dun reentrants, sub-Himalaya, India; Geol. Some river beds had moved away from their direction and Captain L. E. Whitehead, Pilot Superintendent of I. G. Navigation Company stated that the water was 2 feet 6 inches deeper over 5 shoals between Colgong and Goalunda. 4, pp. Geophys. 4 259-277. In Kathmandu around 25% of all houses were destroyed just like several temples in the old town of Bhaktapur Most of the buildings are masonry structures which were heavily damaged during the earthquake. He Great detachment earthquakes along the himalayan arc and long-term forecasting. Surv. Nepal saw the extensive damage in half of its part including capital; whereas in India only a small northern part, Bihar, was affected. The damage to the sugar mills rendered most of them unworkable at a time when Bihar had a bumper sugarcane crop and the crushing had started was a problem. In the light of the increased population today, compared with 1934, the death toll would likely be 22,000 and the number of injured 25,000. (5.2 MB PDF) Downloads. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D. K., Pierce, I. K., Reddy, T., Angster, S., & Giri, B. The official death toll was reported to be 8000 in Nepal and about 7000 in India, but the unofficial sources put the Indian figure near 25,000. ), Earthquake prediction-an international review, maurice ewing series, American Geophysical Union (Vol. Nature The towns of Munger and Muzaffarpur were completely destroyed. Soc. Tectonophysics, 453, 6373. On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [1]. A. Dunn and three assistants were sent to the areas chiefly affected. The three major towns of the Kathmandu Valley in NepalKathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patanwere severely affected and almost all the buildings collapsed. 73 1-391. The BiharNepal Earthquake of 1934. http://goo.gl/TLJKhQ http://bit.ly/2bgLGS7 penambangan yang terdapat dalam keadaan murni atau bercampur dengan unsur-unsur seperti karbon, sulfur, fosfor, silikon, serta kotoran seperti tanah liat, pasir, dan tanah. Mitigation Measures for Earthquakes in India Before pursuing his research and masters in modern Indian History from JNU, he was an electrical engineering student at AMU. Minimum rupture length had been estimated as 100 Km. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. (2016) Tectonic summaries of magnitude 7 and greater earthquakes from 2000 to 2015, USGS Open-File Report 2016-1192. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 494, 216225. [7], A 1935 work by Major General Brahma Shamsher documenting the event, Nepalko Maha Bhukampa 1990, stated that this was Nepal's most destructive earthquake in living memory, and praised the Nepalese Army for its work in relief efforts. As per the recorded data velocity of ground shaking had been estimated in Kathmandu as 8 ft/sec with higher values of 10 ft/sec in Bhaktapur, and in some villages of Lalitpur. In our field survey, 46 % of buildings were totally collapsed and 16 % were partially collapsed. Major The towns that had suffered very severely are Muzaffarpur, Sitamarhi, Motihari, Bettiah, Supaul, Madhepura, Lekhiasarai (Darbhanga), Pusa, Purea, Monger and Patna. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Nakata, T., Chamlagain, D., & Neupane, P. (2018). Seismic imaging of the main frontal thrust in Nepal reveals a shallow dcollement and blind thrusting. The epicentre of the earthquake was located in eastern Nepal. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles [8] The town of Birgunj was destroyed, along with its telephone line to Kathmandu. Ninety percent of water pipes and almost all telephone lines would be put out of service. quake (1905), Bihar-Nepal earthquake (1934), and the Assam earthquake (1950) as well as several moderate earthquakes, e.g. The North Bihar Earthquake, 1934. (2020). A.. Using the above reasoning we constrain the 1934 western edge of the Nepal rupture to 85.5 +/- 0.2 degrees East and its western edge to 87.0 +/- 0.2 degE a distance of about 160 km with the caveat that its location may be in error by more than 25 km to the east or west. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Surv., 68, 177-239; 1935). Singh, D. D., & Gupta, H. K. (1980). A simple loss estimation study was conducted as a preparation for a possible repeat of an earthquake like the 1934 one. About two hundred million years ago an ocean separated India from the rest of Eurasia. Most of the Government buildings in Laheriasarai town had collapsed. It is unlikely that these are the only times that the area was shaken and further similar studies are likely to be of great value. Bashyal, R. P. (1998). It was then learnt that the area enclosed by the Ganges, the Gandak and the Kosi, in which lie the districts of Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga and Bhagalpur had suffered most severely. All the kutcha (ramshackle) buildings collapsed, while other pukka (solidly built) buildings suffered damage due to sinking and cracking of the ground.[5]. Uttarkashi Earthquake, 1991. . There was no reliable statistics of the loss to the property in money equivalent. Rana, B. S. (2013). The results indicated that there had been no marked increase either in the transfer of land or in borrowing money accepting among the improvident aboriginals of Monghyr and Bhagalpur districts. Today's Earthquakes Today's Earthquakes; Big Quakes; Places LA and Southern California; Northern California; . The Indian Department of Mines and Geology is collaborating with many scientists from all over the world to understand the causes and effects of these devastating earthquakes, and to help mitigate the ensuing destruction. You can also search for this author in [9][10], Mahatma Gandhi visited the Bihar state. For More Information. generally referred to as the Chamoli earthquake. The earthquake was so severe that in Kolkata, around 650 km (404 mi) from epicenter, many buildings were damaged and the tower of St. Paul's Cathedral collapsed. Princeton University Press. The High Court and the Government House were damaged severely. Damage to a man-made structure. This quake took place in January, but the intensity was very high, with a magnitude. Large cracks appeared in the ground and several roads were damaged in Kathmandu; however, the temple of Pashupatinath, the guardian deity of Nepal, escaped any damage. Seismicity of earth and associated phenomenon (2nd ed.). As it was felt that what was needed after the Earthquake that the drainage of the sub-soil water should be properly guided the Tirthut Waterways Division came into being. Soc. done in Zurich after a mining disaster in 1906 and an earthquake in Messina, Italy in 1908 (Stierlin, 1909 and 1911). (Following is a reproduction of the account written by P.C Roy Choudhury). A brief report has also been written by Mr. N. Nasu (Bull. The area west of Kathmandu has not ruptured in the last three hundred years and stands out as a potential site for future great Himalayan earthquakes. In: Survey of India Geodetic Report 1936, (eds). It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. When constructed c.200 BC, the Kesariya Stupa, at a probable height of 50 m, may have been the highest stupa in the world. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 5, 2244. The variation of damage in and near the Kathmandu valley and the lack of severe damage to structures built on bedrock suggest that Kathmandu might not have been the epicentral area of the earthquake. Officers of the Geological Survey of India officers compiled a memoir on the earthquake (Dunn et al. Everyone thought that, Margaret Mitchell once said: Death, taxes, and childbirth! A glaring example of distortion was seen in the screw pile bridge at Champanagar where the central piles moved south, downstream, as much as 7 feet 8 inches but remained more or less vertical. Even in Bihar province, affected parts were northern and central areas. Everest. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. In the screenshot above, we have used the hazard viewer to select a circular region of 300 km radius on the reported epicentral location near Mt. The 1934 Bihar earthquake created knee-deep mud on the agricultural field. listrik dan panas, serta mempunyai titik cair tinggi. Burrard S 1934 Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15, 1934; Nature(London) 133 582-583. Springer, Singapore. Around 4.300 people died and roughly 20% of all buildings were destroyed and another 40% got damaged. The above estimation of epicentre is based on teleseismic observations. The next crops in the affected areas were not bad. 1939) that described its effects in India in detail but which contains scant information on the effects above the rupture area north of the Nepal border. Journal of Earth System Science. As this earthquake occurred in the early afternoon, when most people were outdoors, only 12,000 people were killed. Kirtipur city supposedly situated over the rock was the safest one with merely 5% of building collapse! Brett,W.B. http://bit.ly/2bO3W3i. [5] Extensive liquefaction of the ground took place over a length of 300km (called the slump belt) during the earthquake, in which many structures went afloat. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Nature (Nature) It is considerably more challenging to put out the fire because of the destruction caused by the earthquake. Also, the length of rupture zone along east-west had been estimated as 200 100 Km. John Rundle is a Distinguished Professor of Physics A brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured. The M6.5 earthquakes affected mostly the far western portion of Nepal mainly Baitadhi, Bajhang and Darchula. volume136,pages 485486 (1935)Cite this article. Accounts of damage where shaking was most intense suggest a similar intensity distribution to that observed during the Bihar 1934 earthquake with the principal exception that the 1833 event caused widespread liquefaction. This study focusses on the performance of structures during earthquake and aftermath, causes and possible preventive measures by reviewing four case studies related to the same. A catalog of felt intensity data for 589 earthquakes in India, 16362008. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S., Rockwell, T. K., Briggs, R. W., Thakur, V. C., & Jayangondaperumal, R. (2006). Impact Summary; The new specifications promulgated by the Government laying stress on the use of horizontal reinforced concrete of R.B. Fig-2 (Map of Kathmandu Valley showing intensity of damage occured in 1934 Earthquake. Nature Geoscience, 6, 7176. The devastating quake of 8.3-magnitude on Richter scale that fateful day . Pilots flyng over the meizoseismal area reported great changes in topography; this was largely due to enormous slides, some of which were photographed. On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. Soc. Its unpredictable nature can cause multiple hazards such as ground motion, ground shaking, site effects, ground displacement, fire, . B., Ghosh, A. M. N., & Wadia, D. N. (1939). The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. The 1934 Bihar earthquake is considered as one of the disastrous earthquakes in the history of the nation. Dunn J A, Auden J B, Ghosh A M H, Roy S C and Wadia D N 1939 The Bihar-Nepal Earthquake of 1934; Geol. Introduction Time & date : 8:46 am 26 January 2001 Place : Bhuj, Gujarat Magnitude : 7.9 Intensity : X Epicenter : 23.419N 70.232E Focal length : 23 kms Season : Winter Damages : Over 18,600 persons are dead and over 167,000 injured. Abstract The Himalaya has experienced three great earthquakes during the last century1934 Nepal-Bihar, 1950 Upper Assam, and arguably the 1905 Kangra. India 31, 104 pp.79. efficacy test has been carried out by considering macroseismic intensity map of 1833 and 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (shown in Fig. Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15 1934. Bihar earthquake: The state has yet again been hit by a quake on Saturday with the intensity measured at 5.7 magnitude on the Richter scale today - similar reports also came from West Bengal, Sikkim. In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 70, 757773. 74(3) 213-229. and Geology at UC Davis and Seismological Research Letters, XX, 19. 1442-1444. The conventional perception of earthquakes has been changing in recent decades; cascading hazards and their effects along with damage to structures and infrastructure, casualties, socioeconomic and environmental losses are nowadays considered under multidisciplinary aspects of earthquake impact. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. With the 7.8-magnitude earthquake hitting Turkey this Monday. Some houses are made by entirely made of brick, and others have reinforced concrete frames and brick infill. Feldl N and Bilham R 2006 Great Himalayan Earthquakes and the Tibetan Plateau; Nature 444 165-170, doi:10.1038/nature05199. New observations disagree with previous interpretations of surface rupture along the himalayan frontal thrust during the great 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., & Neupane, P. C. (2019). 1. The earthquake had removed many antiquated buildings and was directly responsible for the construction of numerous modern buildings, roads and bridges in which cement, steel and reinforced concrete played an important role. Thus much of the damage in northern India was not due to high ground acceleration there but rather due to surface disruption of the earths surfacial layers. Minimum rupture length had been estimated as 100 Km. 8.0 magnitude earthquake. Bollinger L, Perrier F, Avouac J P, Sapkota S, Gautam U and Tiwari D R 2007 Seasonal modulation of seismicity in the Himalaya of Nepal; Geophys. Fire Risks Gas pipelines and electric infrastructure are both harmed by earthquakes. (2004). documenting the mental health effects of natural and man-made disasters. Marcussen, E. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Fatality rates of the M w ~8.2, 1934, Bihar-Nepal earthquake and comparison with the April 2015 Gorkha earthquake Great pending himalaya earthquakes. 3.3 BIHAR - NEPAL EARTHQUAKE OF 1934 This 8.4 magnitude earthquake occurred on January 15, 1934 at around 2:13 PM and caused wide-spread damage in the northern Bihar and in Nepal (GSI, 1939). The impact was reported to be felt in. Singh D D and Gupta H K 1980 Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent; the Bihar- Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934 and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935; Bull. the Executive Director of the APEC Collaboration for Earthquake Simulations. The distribution of intensity of the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 15 January 1934 and bounds on the extent of the rupture zone. 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