By using this website, you agree to our Google Scholar. Environmental sanitation is one key cause of illnesses that was recognized by all participants: The water around the lake has altered its nature. doi:10.2105/ajph.11.10.908. Being an archipelago consisting of 7,107 islands, the Philippines has approximately 175 ethnolinguistic groups with their own unique cultural identity and health practices. In 2014, communicable diseases including malaria, lung infections, diarrheal, intestinal parasites, eye infections, skin disease, and rheumatism were the major public health problems in the area [15]. They were very similar to the focus group participants in their demographic characteristics. Qolle spirits are mostly venerated by buttering the natural objects, burning incense, tying around these objects strips of ropes or even a bunch of hair [Female, Study Community # 5]. Before Winkelman M. Culture and health: applying medical anthropology. Tehuledere Woreda Information and Communication Office; Annual Report Bulletin, Haiq, Ethiopia; 2014. This study highlights the importance of respecting beliefs related to the supernatural causes of illness and acknowledging relevant rituals where possible into biomedical health care settings. There are an estimated 100 million malaria cases with over 300,000 deaths per year in Nigeria. The current Ethiopian indigenous health strategy (the National health strategies with regard to Indigenous Solution reported in March 2015) acknowledges the need to support components of indigenous medication including recommendations to explore potential beneficial aspects [31]. Springer Nature. A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. Like all research, out study has both strengths and limitations. Trimingham S. Islam in East Africa. Following introductory discussions with community leaders/representatives, ten focus group discussion sessions (one all male and one all-female in each kebele) were conducted. Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. germ theory, in medicine, the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope. The follow-up interviews provided an opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the focus groups. Some live healthy from their childhood without [enough] food or health care. Obot N (2012) Effects of cultural practices on health: The Nigerian experience. Oman Med J. The study participants attribute many ailments to withdrawal of nature spiritsFootnote 1 (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn) protection and wrath. Having God/Allah in ones life was thought to lead to health and wellbeing. Epub 2015 Feb 10. Culturally-based attitudes about seeking treatment and trusting traditional medicines and folk remedies are rooted in core belief systems about illness causation, i.e., naturalistic, Ayurvedic, biomedical, etc. 2015;12:140421. http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140421. Data obtained from observations and conversations were recorded in field notes, photographs, and audio-recordings. PubMed Central First Statement of Germ Theory. According to this theory, it is important to distinguish between beliefs about the natural and supernatural causes of illness and disease. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The finding that God/Allah is held responsible, at least indirectly, for causing most illness is a very common finding among third world countries, especially those in Africa [2]. Ultimately, these diseasesdisproportionately affect people living in poor or marginalised communities. Germ theory was first clearly stated by an Italian physician named Girolamo Fracastoro in the mid-1500s. Pre-modern era theories of Disease causation: Religions often attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for mankind's sins. We consider people who travel at this wrong time bad, harmful, killers and thieves or people into something tricky. It is hoped that the model of illness causation identified in this study will help to enhance the rural health plan for the 5 villages of Tehuledere Woreda and beyond. Wadaja lately assumed a much more modified and purposive role of combating the zar, buda or other supposedly spirit afflicted illnesses [Male, Study Community # 2]. Familial ectrodactyly syndrome in a Nigerian child: a case report. Am Anthropol. Bryman A. Qual Health Res. Letter to the Editor: "Orthopaedic and trauma care in low-resource settings: the burden and its challenges". Theory of illness causation is an important issue in all biomedical sciences, and solid etiological explanations are needed in order to develop therapeutic approaches in medicine and preventive interventions in public health. The second approach emphasizes the concept of multicausality and derives its popularity largely from the study of the diseases of industrialized societies. Such infections, according to the theory, were not passed between individuals but would affect those within a locale that gave rise to such vapors. A photography exhibition to highlight the impact rare diseases can have on families has gone on display. 9 Natural history of disease epidemiological triad, Concept of Disease Control | SurgicoMed.com, 2. unit no iii dynamic of disease, Community Health Nursing, Concept of disease. Several theories were advanced from time to time to explain disease causation such as the supernatural theory of disease, the theory of humors by Greeks and Indians, the theory of contagion, the miasmatic theory which attributed disease to noxious air and vapours, the theory of spontaneous generation, etc. Or if A decreases, B correspondingly decreases. Unusual causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance, Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room Air. He would not be able to have enough food, this affects his healthWeve become subject to Ke ijje Wode Afe Nuro (hand-to-mouth livelihood) [Male, Study Community # 3]. Full Text: PDF. Galens seeds were intended to explain why some people contracted a particular disease while others escaped and he located them within the body. I have never gone to modern health centers. While nationalistic disease theories explain disease in . Disease etiologies in non-western medical systems. American journal of public health (New York, N.Y. : 1912),11(10), 908912. The investigators consulted the Woreda health extension workers (primary health care practitioners) on the selection of study communities. It involves praising and glorifying the sky-god and seeking his spiritual assistance to ward off evil. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's . Learning from strangers: the art and method of qualitative interview studies. Nature of qualitative evidence. EMJ. 2003;9(6):649. In total 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the We also found acts in violation of social taboos or moral injunction were thought to cause illness directly rather than through the mediation of a supernatural being. J Genet Couns. 2011; 26 (4):275-278. doi: 10.5001 . Approval of the study was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences (#037/13/PSP). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. For example, Lidell and his colleagues (2005) described how Sub-Saharan peoples relationship with God takes a form of nature-spirit reverence and connection which is vital to maintaining family health [26]. Kassaye KD, Amberbir A, Getachew B, Mussema Y. It was the golden age of bacteriology. Germ theory was the third disease causation theory with a characteristic marking of the onset of infectious diseases conquest. PubMed and Diagnosis 2005;60:50113. A more interesting finding was that they also articulated how important social relationships are in maintaining good health. BEINGS Model of disease causation includes Spiritual factors , Social factors & Nutritional factors. Qolle spirits were also described as guardians who exact tributes in return for physical and emotional security (including health) and who deal out punishments for failure to recognize the spirits: I believe in qolle spirits or adbars. The sample was diverse in terms of age and sex and agro-ecological condition of the setting. Alice Barrett is in hospital with myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), and cannot feed herself. This broad category includes five distinct types of natural causes of illness: infection, stress, organic deterioration, accident, and overt human aggression. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Peterson DR. Glory Bassey. Other studies suggest that different societies give varying degrees of importance to theories of natural compared to supernatural causes of illness [1113]. Social, economic and biological factors interact to drive a vicious cycle of poverty and disease from which, for many people, there is no escape." In short, poverty is instrumental in cultivating conditions that allow disease to spread. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. So if there is no peace at home, there will be no health [Female, Study Community # 4]. Various social, cultural, and religious norms produce and reinforce gender inequality and the stereotypical gender roles that underpin gender-based violence. You can read the details below. Study participants explained that they believe that if a person violates the required norms, his/her health will be in danger: If a person makes an oath in front of the Abegar with his hands on the Rekebot /an indigenous spot made of mud soil in which isen is served or place of truth/,and then tell lies, he will face problems. The people in this area are members of the Amhara ethnic group and are largely Muslims. This paper argues that disease etiology is the key to cross-cultural comparison of non- Western medical systems. All qualitative data from participant observations, in-depth interviews, fieldwork, personal memos and informal conversations were organized using NVivo 10 computer software. Development of understanding in Pathogenesis Nigeria is now the second largest HIV disease burden in the world after South Africa which has 7.1 million (19% of global epidemic) burden of the disease, though prevalence is stable at 3.4% [38,39]. When we drink it, we contract worms, they twirl in the stomach and give our kids tik, tik [Stomach- ache, salivate and followed by vomiting,] [Male, Study Community # 5]. 2016 Nov;46:121-126. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2016.09.001. Anthropological approaches to the study of ethnomedicine. Cultural beliefs on disease causation in the Philippines: challenge and implications in genetic counseling. A settled man lives in peace and prevents himself from syphilis and gonorrhoea. hbbd```b`` (0
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It held that diseases such ascholera,chlamydia infection, or theBlack Deathwere caused by amiasma, a noxious form of bad air emanating from rotting organic matter. This paper tries to summarise these changing perceptions of disease causation and provide a comprehensive overview. Wilson. Focus Group Discussions and In-depth Interviews Guide. In these communities, illness is perceived to have supernatural (e.g., almighty God/ Allah, nature spirits, and human agents of the supernatural), natural (e.g., environmental sanitation and personal hygiene, poverty, biological and psychological factors) and societal causes (e.g., social trust, experiences of family support and harmony; and violation of social taboos). Germs cause disease. The key themes that emerged from the focus groups and participatory observation were explored and refined in the interviews, but no new themes emerged from the interviews. Soc Sci Med. The practice of epidemiology. Germ theory of disease was proposed by Louis Pasteur. Sicknesses, epidemics, contagious diseases and even death were explained in terms of punishment by enraged qolle spirits. In Ethiopia, people use indigenous medical systems as an alternative health care service along with the biomedical health services [1, 6]. Not everyone finds it easy to do the exercise recommended by the NHS - two out of three people say they do less than 150 mins (2.5 hours) of moderate exercise and fewer than one in 10 manage more . Ann N Y Acad Sci. Participants in most focus groups maintained that trust in ones married partner determines ones health. Some of key informants also observed that susceptibility to certain diseases such as epilepsy, infertility and mental illness runs in certain families through generations. Dr. Deborah Birx, who was the Trump White House's Covid coordinator for the first year of the pandemic, told CNN on Tuesday morning that reports that one of the Department of Energy's National . and imbalance amongfour vital "humors within us. WHO. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. Until now, the literature about the theoretical underpinnings of illness causation research has been scarce and fragmented, and lacking a convenient summary. Microbe after microbe was discovered in quick succession gonococcus in 1847; typhoid bacillus, pneumococcus in 1880; tubercle bacillus in 1882; cholera vibrio in 1883; diphtheria bacillus in 1884, and so on. Epub 2022 Jan 25. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help These two ideas were fully appreciated . Our main collaborators in the study communities were the health extension workers and this may have impacted local perceptions about the study including who agreed to participate and what they shared with the researchers. The relevance of traditional medicinal cultures to modern primary health care. He has published more than 15 research articles and book chapters in international journals and well-renowned publishers. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada, You can also search for this author in Ulin PR, Segall MH, editors. 1983. p. 155. Health education and care solutions found to be effective in one system may not work as well in other settings [32]; however, some of the lessons learned from this study may be applicable to other cultural contexts with similar beliefs. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Simple statistics like frequency distribution, percentile were used. Nigeria | 80 views, 8 likes, 0 loves, 1 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Catalyst Specialist Health Consult CSHC: Various Cultural theories of Disease causation in Nigeria Health Disparities of Cardiometabolic Disorders Among Filipino Americans: Implications for Health Equity and Community-Based Genetic Research. Too often, indigenous medicine is criticized as harmful traditions as if it was a threat to human health. Triangulation of different data collection techniques including focus group, semi-structured interview data, observations and informal interviews with study participants was a strength of the study. Accessibility The majority of participants had community health insurance (n=76), which was being implemented in the community the year in which data collection occurred. The present study used a qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena. Kickbush I. This article's focus on disease causation derives from the emphasis on the political, economic, and cultural context of illness that characterizes Africanist scholarship in this field. This study further underscores the need to incorporate folk theories of disease causation, gender and malaria issues into malaria control strategies in order to improve their coverage and effectiveness in different contexts. The disease is said to pass onto seven generations. Genetic counseling of the deaf. Social Research Methods. We've encountered a problem, please try again. Miasma was considered to be a poisonous vapor or mist filled with particles from decomposed matter (miasmata) that was identifiable by its foul smell. Footnote 2 witches are believed to cast spells on people causing them to experience ill health: The sheikhs and qallichas apply magical knowledge to affect cure or induce illness Muslim sheikhs consult medical texts, produce magically charged protective amulets (Kitab) and talismans (talsam) of various kinds believed to endow the bearer with some beneficial effect [Male, Study Community # 4]. Some believe that the soul goes out from the body and wanders, a phenomenon known as Bangungot, or that having nightmares after a heavy meal may result in death. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. The miasma theory was the predominant theory of disease transmission before the germ theory took hold towards the end of the 19th century, and it is no longer accepted as a scientific theory of disease. When Western biomedical practitioners overlook, or scorn the supernatural convictions held by group individuals they risk distancing the very individuals they look to treat. Philosophy. Our study provides an excellent example of why health education and primary health care delivery interventions need to take into account what people actually do and the beliefs that drive their actions. In addition, all participants who participated in the focus groups and interviews gave informed consent either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) after they were provided information about the nature of the study, and assurances that specific comments would not be attributed to specific participants. Miller addresses in a coherent and thoughtful way the problems faced by the Westerner who seeks to study African literature without colonizing that discourse. This study was funded by Addis Ababa University. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2001. p. 187200. A.A. 2015. In the early past, the disease was thought mainly due to either the curse of god or due to the evil force of the demons. Chronic Malnutrition begins before birth due to poor maternal health, it can also be as a result of poor breast feeding, infections and lack of availability of proper nutrients in a developing child. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.; 1970. p. 31527. Foster GM. This ethnographic study was grounded in participant observations made by the principal investigator (MHK) working as a volunteer heath extension worker in the study area for five months between June and November, 2013. All attention was focused on microbes and their role in disease causation. They also articulated the role of natural causes and social relationships in maintaining good health. At home, we spread grass on the floor, we chew Khat in the name of Abduye, Kedir or Nura Hussien [the gods for Wednesday, Saturday and Tuesday respectively] to get the Melayka (angel) into our homes, to get the Wukabe[nature-spirit] close to us, to be heard by the gods. Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause disease. Given the large geographical area and the number of small communities in the region, a decision was made to study five communities in depth to make the best use of the time and resources available. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. All authors read and affirmed the final version of the manuscript. Oxford: Clarendon; 1964. The French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, the English surgeon Joseph Lister, and the German physician Robert Koch are given much of the credit for development and acceptance of the theory. As predominantly rural Woreda, most inhabitants rely on farming. Due to restrictions set by the Addis Ababa University, College of Health Science Institutional Review Board, data are available upon request by contacting the corresponding author. volume17, Articlenumber:124 (2017) Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. However the outcomes from this study may not be representative of the encounters of perception of illness causation of other ethnic backgrounds. Theories of illness causation derive from the underlying cognitive orientation of a cultural group, and therapeutic practice usually follows the same cultural logic. Predictors of indigenous healer use among Samoans. This study explored the indigenous beliefs of ill-health causation among those living in the Tehuledere Woreda /district/ in North East Ethiopia from a socio-cultural perspective. The characteristics of people who share a common and distinctive racial, national, religious, linguistic, or cultural heritage. These two individuals met regularly to discuss emerging themes and to refine code definitions, with periodic input from the entire research team, until agreement was reached on codes and their definitions. Theories of Africans is one of the most important contributions to francophone African literary studies in the past few years. Named for the village of Nok, site of some of the finds, the ancient culture produced fine terra-cotta figurines, which were accidentally discovered by tin miners on the Jos Plateau in the 1930s. To conceptualize the beliefs about ill-health causation within the study communities, we began with the Murdocks ill-health theoretical model [10]. The ascription of misfortunes to natural objects pervaded by spirits seems to have been prevalent where by sicknesses, epidemic or contagious diseases and even death were explained in terms of punishment by enraged spirits. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. In 1873, Pasteur advanced the germ theory of disease. The use of open-ended questions, as well as informal conversations with informants on topics they themselves raised, were among the ways pursued to mitigate these challenges. MeSH Focus groups and interviews continued until the data in the key emerging themes were saturated (i.e., key points were repeated and no significant new information was emerging) [16, 17]. Firstly, the organic or physical cause of the sickness has to be established by careful examination and questioning by the medicine man. Coronado G, Chio-Lauri J, Cruz RD, Roman YM. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen. The remaining 3% of the population live in the malaria free highlands. Medicine finally shed the rags of dogma and superstition and put on the robes of scientific knowledge. Disclaimer. January 29, 2022 by Sagar Aryal The germ theory of disease is the currently accepted scientific theory for many diseases. The link between lying and ill health appears to be unique in this culture. The other criterion was the interest shown by the health extension workers to collaborate in the study. These discoveries and a host of others at the turn of the century marked a turning point in our aetiological concepts. Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics. Disease is an objectively measurable pathological condition of the body. Altern Ther Health Med.
CAS Functionalists also study culture in terms of values. In addition to that, diseases may be communicable or non-communicable. Careers. There are 23 Kebeles (the smallest local administrative unit) administered by the Woreda, including 19 rural, 2 urban and 2 semi-urban towns. We would also like to acknowledge the University of Toronto for giving the first author an opportunity to obtain advanced training in qualitative data organization and analysis during a visit to Toronto, Canada. Tehuledere was selected for the study because of the rich and unique indigenous medicinal beliefs, and practices in the area. Additionally, the authors thank Mr. Teshager Shiferaw for his help in data collection and early coding. Another theory was that the kapre possessed the husband, . Study participants were adults over 30years of age identified by health extension workers in the area to be knowledgeable about local health traditions who were willing to participate in a conversation about their health. Ethiop J Health Dev. Members of the study community believes that supernatural, natural and social elements are linked to ill-health causation. 4th ed. If God wants you to live healthy, then you live healthy [Female, Study Community # 1]. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Int Orthop. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. The five study communities, selected were: Gobeya, Godguadit, Bededo, Jari and Muti-Belg. 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