why are refugees treated differently

ARI SHAPIRO, HOST: In the wall-to-wall coverage of the crisis in Ukraine, a certain pattern has sometimes emerged that positions Ukrainians as different from other victims of conflict. If you are among those who hate refugees, do you know why you feel this way? The participants were initially asked how many refugees Germany could host per year and then asked what would happen if this number was exceeded. Ukrainian nationals are oftentimes allowed to board evacuation transportation ahead of foreign nationals, who also face more difficulties entering countries like Poland and acquiring suitable accommodations. And if you zoom way, way out when talking about refugees and displacement, countries in the Middle East, Africa and the global South have taken in more than their fair share of refugees. The consequences are devastating, as reports of violence and insecurity in their countries of origin, along transit routes and in Mexico abound. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) stipulates that while refugees are humanitarian subjects primarily seeking protection, migrants are economic subjects, seeking better lives. But several EU countries have implemented labor restrictive measures to avoid this. In 2014, Syrian and North African refugees poured into Greece, a country then not equipped to fulfill those treaty obligations. As they began to land, she was shocked to learn from the pilot that their destination was instead Mexico. Masses of refugees from Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Somalia, Yemen, and elsewhere have faced racially motivated hostility in. How do you anticipate Ukrainians experience will unfold compared to that of asylees from Syria or North Africa? The studys findings are published in the December 2019 issue of the European Journal of Social Psychology.1. Migrants, on the other hand, live without legal protection and can be deported at any time. In a survey of almost 20,000 Europeans across 15 countries in 2016, my IPL colleagues found a strong anti-Muslim bias. During the 2015 refugee "crisis," the EU called for detaining arriving refugees for up to 18 months. Of those, 1.1 million are children, Landmann, H., Gaschler, R., & Rohmann, A. But many European leaders nonetheless feel they are under pressure to minimize the number of asylum seekers within their own country. Ibrahim. (Washington, DC) - The US deployment of border agents on horseback against Haitian migrants on September 19, 2021, stems from abusive and racially discriminatory immigration policies by the. The way we talk about conflicts can impact those who are already most directly affected by war, refugees. The Supreme Court hears arguments today on President Bidens student loan forgiveness plan; John F. Cogan and Michael McConnell discuss their amicus brief opposing it. In both the United States and Europe, the inevitability of multiculturalism and diversityand the resulting decay of white dominanceprompts nativism, racism, and xenophobia from the right. Once granted refugee status in a host country, the state cant deport them. She said she told U.S. officers that she was a victim of violence in her home country and requested asylum at the U.S. border. This absence of a commitment to a particular side may have reduced the reputational incentives to help affected refugees. According to new research, many asylum seekers experience discrimination on the Swedish labor market. Since 9/11, far-right terrorists have killed more people in the United States than Islamic jihadists. Swiss Justice Minister Karin Keller-Sutter predicted that up to 50,000 people from Ukraine would arrive in the country before June to date, the highest number of war refugees to enter Switzerland in the 21st century. | They also found that eligible voters favored refugees with higher employability. While EU members bicker over how to define, manage, and ultimately dispose of their new work-eager guests, asylum seekers themselves are finding innovative ways to avoid the system and gain access to the labor market so they can accomplish what they came for: Continue their life as best they can, even if on temporary grounds. The 2014-15 refugees had no such rights. Why don't we treat all refugees as though they were Ukrainian? These asylum-seekers should be welcomed just like Afghans are being welcomed. The Russian incursion has sparked the fastest growing refugee crisis since World War II, forcing more than 2 . In contrast, non-Ukrainian refugees have been physically assaulted by Polish and Belarussian patrolmen; left to freeze in the winter; detained in unhygienic camps in Greece; trapped in limbo between Poland and Belarus; assaulted with tear gas and water cannons near the Greece-Turkey border; and bombarded with xenophobic and anti-migrant rhetoric, especially in Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia. The deal gives EU states free passes to return migrants and failed asylum seekers to Turkey. PostedFebruary 21, 2020 KESHAVARZ: And I think one very dangerous thing that we're seeing is - and it bears asking the question - is, have journalists become so desensitized to the suffering of different peoples of color, specifically people that are in war zones, that we're no longer seeing on the same level playing field? Why are some refugees treated differently than others? For instance, do you worry about foreigners spreading diseases, committing violence, or taking away jobs and depressing wages? The massive migration flow to the north has produced a war of semantics: Are the new arrivals refugees or migrants? the U.S. has admitted more than 3.1 million refugees, more than 700,000 people have been granted asylum. This stark contrast epitomizes Europes unequitable treatment of different refugee populations, with Ukrainians topping the refugee hierarchy. Today, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) detention centers have custody of approximately 54,000 refugees, asylum-seekers, and migrants. I need ammunition, not a ride from the war-torn streets of Kyiv, Zelensky has become a vocal, defiant defender of democracy and civil liberties, while Putin has trampled Russians freedoms, invaded a sovereign nation, and authorized countless war crimes in Ukraine. It is not enough for them simply to stay alive. Reviewed by Ekua Hagan. Social Issues and Policy Review, 11, 78-123. Furthermore, to many white and Christian Europeans, an influx of Middle Eastern and African Muslim refugees threatens power dynamics rooted in racial and religious hegemony, while incoming Ukrainians primarily strengthen them. In Sweden, which received 163,000 asylum seekers in 2015, many asylum seekers face difficulties navigating the Swedish labor market. March 3, 2022. Religion is a key factor influencing attitudes toward refugees. That convention requires the country that first registered an asylum seeker to administer the application and provide housing. Similarly, as many EU members have already acknowledged, it is neither fair nor sustainable to let Mediterranean frontier states such as Greece and Italy, already crumpling under financial debt, host the bulk of the incoming asylum seekers. infect themselves with deadly diseases to gain protection as HIV-positive patients. She says that's a pretty good sign of civilization. Meanwhile, Poland erected a border fence, started to build a wall, passed legislation to make entry more difficult, and only accepted about 5.7 percent of asylum applications in 2020. Not so today in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. International law and practice addresses refugee and internal displacement emergencies differently. More than half - nearly 548,000 - have fled to Poland which shares a 500km border with Ukraine. An anchor for Al-Jazeera English called Ukrainian refugees, quote, "middle-class people," in comparison to refugees from the Middle East and North Africa. They also found that eligible voters favored refugees with higher employability. Treatment of Haitians at the border in Texas exposes double standard toward refugees These asylum-seekers should be welcomed just like Afghans are being welcomed. In The Telegraph, Daniel Hannan wrote an article about Ukraine that led, they seem so like us. But the U.S. can easily put in place measures that manage risks to public health and still protect the legal right to asylum. During the civil war, civilians were often purposefully caught in the crossfire between Assad and opposition forces; for example, in 2013, Assads forces waged chemical war against civilians, killing 1,400. These two groups are treated very differently, however, due to the prevalent stereotypes that exist about them in society. Data from a project of Stanfords Immigration Policy Lab (IPL) has shown that the longer applicants wait for resolution of their case, the less likely they are to secure a steady job once approved in large part due to loss of motivation. 90 RB 0022). Since Russia invaded Ukraine one month ago on Feb. 24, nearly 3.5 million people have fled Ukraine, and should the conflict continue, an additional 5 million more refugees will likely flee from the country within a year a rate that is nearly five times as fast as the flow of refugees from Syria and North Africa, says Stanford immigration policy scholar David Laitin. The Danish. Businesses and civil society groups are busy developing training programs and job centers for asylum seekers to integrate into the system. They often have no or very limited access to services, material assistance, adequate housing, health . Compared to college students in previous samples, these participants reported perceiving even stronger threats and experiencing more hostility toward refugees. At least 2.5 million people need humanitarian assistance. LIMBONG: Keshavarz points to Poland accepting Ukrainian refugees when not that long ago, the country was telling scores of Afghans, Syrians and Iraqis, no, the country's full. The Dublin Convention has been divisive and especially difficult for Italy and Greece, which have struggled to accommodate migrants arriving by sea. She and her daughters then found themselves on a bus back to Guatemala, the place where they had fled violence in the first place. The decision that wealthy northern European countries such as Denmark and the UK made last fall, when they dismissed the EUs call for sharing the responsibility by refusing to receive any of the 120,000 asylum seekers relocated from the south, revealed their humanitarian priorities. In other words, the deaths of African and Middle Eastern civilians have elicited less attention from media outlets and foreign governments than the deaths of Ukrainians. In the words of Al Jazeera journalist Saif Khalid, when white people commit terrorism this is seen as an individual act that does not represent the entire race. In Srebrenica in July 1995, towards the end of the 1992-1995 civil war in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbs massacred 8,000 Bosnian Muslims, a blatant act of genocide. : 'Labours Shadow Home Secretary Yvette Cooper struggles to justify why refugees fleeing war in Ukraine should be treated differently to refugees fleeing war in Afghanistan. Arash Emamzadeh attended the University of British Columbia in Canada, where he studied genetics and psychology. Since it was first implemented in March 2020, more than 1 million migrants and asylum-seekers have been turned away. One 2022 study examining over 4,000 asylum applications in France between 1976 and 2016 found that Muslims were less likely than Christians to receive asylum. LIMBONG: Rana Khoury, a research associate at Princeton University focusing on conflict and displacement, says this language has impacts on global refugee policy. Contrarily, due to racial, religious, cultural, and ethnic differences, Europeans feel less sympathy for other refugees. Why are refugees treated differently? Germany, for example, has suffered fromzero population growth for years and is in acute need of young, able-bodied workers to feed its massive industrial economy. If there are too many refugees being housed in hotels, it's because the home office has been shown to be incapable of processing people quickly and letting them earn their own living. The global refugee crisis: Empirical evidence and policy implications for improving public attitudes and facilitating refugee resettlement. show that asylum centers tend to isolate residents. The Detail asks why they are treated differently to refugees coming in through the quota system? Unlike Ukrainians, they must apply for asylum and wait for approval before seeking jobs. Former German Chancellor Angela Merkelwidely hailed as a champion of refugee rightsfunded Turkeys refugee camps so that President Erdoan would hinder the passage of refugees into Greece, an EU member. This has meant that asylum-seekers have been expelled in violation of the United Nations 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, which prevents countries from returning people to places where they face threats to their lives or freedom without providing them the opportunity to apply for asylum. 1, People want to keep their identity and their profession when they go abroad. In 2016, Hungarian leader Viktor Orbn described migration as a poison, yet he recently exclaimed that Ukrainians are welcomed by friends in Hungary. EU nationseven those with notorious anti-migrant sentimentshave opened their arms and borders to Ukrainian refugees with unprecedented generosity. Unlike Ukraine, the Assad regime in Syria was authoritarian, corrupt, and violent. The way the system is in place, most of the burden falls on groups like us, in terms of housing and transportation, says Chuevang Xiong, Director of Refugee Services at the International . In late August, my colleagues from Jesuit Refugee Service Mexico traveled to the Mexican border with Guatemala to accompany those expelled from the U.S. on one of these flights. Work permits alone do not guarantee refugees employment, though. In this post, I discuss new research by Helen Landmann and colleagues in Germany, which has examined the reasons people use to justify anti-refugee hostility. The Harbour Project charity said many Ukrainians received immediate refugee. Full coverage at CTVNews.ca/Ukraine. Job insecurity, poverty, and hunger can leave people with no other choice but to risk everything on a boat across the Mediterranean. The way we. Media coverage of the invasion is part of the reason. A few European politicians have also stressed that Ukrainian refugees are qualitatively superior by virtue of their race and religion to those from countries in Latin America, Asia, Africa and. There were 89.3 millionpeople forcibly displaced world-wide at the end of 2021. CHARLIE D'AGATA: You know, this is a relatively civilized, relatively European - I have to choose those words carefully, too - city where you wouldn't expect that LIMBONG: The phrasing rankled enough people that he issued a clarifying apology a day later. Yet, as Khalid notes, we do not have a stereotype of white people being inherently violent and prone to domestic terrorism." Branding Muslims as terrorists and using such accusations to reject Muslim asylum seekers are thinly veiled attempts for religious, racial, and ethnic prejudice to masquerade as national security concerns. Approximately 18,000 Europeans from 15 countries were given profiles and asked whom they would grant asylum; the study found a consistent bias against Muslim asylum-seekers, who were 11 percentage points less likely to be accepted than otherwise similar Christians. Corroborating this anti-Muslim bias among Europeans, another experiment in France concluded that increasing numbers of Muslims in France resulted in increased xenophobia. CHARLIE D'AGATA: You know, this is a relatively civilized, relatively European - I have to choose those words carefully, too - city where you wouldn't expect that LIMBONG: The phrasing rankled enough people that he issued a clarifying apology a day later. There are several interconnecting reasons behind this sudden change in the way European citizens and states are responding to refugees. As they work out where to go next, it's not clear they'll find refuge in Europe. record-high 65 million people have been displaced, one million people who crossed borders into the European Union, face the same challenges in seeking asylum, labor, and housing, European asylum system has effectively broken down, efined by international humanitarian law as people in need of protection, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) stipulates, refugees and migrants apply for the same asylum. Refugees, for instance, pose an economic threat because they need jobs, low-cost housing, access to health care, etc. IPL researchers analyzed survey data collected at transit hubs across West and Central Africa, and they found that only a small share of the migrants there expressed an interest in reaching Europe. This is because under Australia's excision regime (which was introduced in September 2001) asylum seekers who arrive at an 'excised offshore place' without a valid visa are barred from applying for a visa to remain in Australia unless the Minister personally intervenes to allow them to do so. Anna is working with Michael Hanna and the rest of the foreign policy team as a member of the 2016 internship class on issues such as U.S. policy toward the Middle East and East Asia. Its an undertaking thats demonstrated the ability of the U.S. government to bring tens of thousands of refugees to safety in America and marshal local resources to help them resettle in their new home. Data collected from three IPL projects shows that Muslim immigrants and refugees face higher levels of discrimination in Europe than those with a Christian heritage. As the opposition fragmented into various factions, terrorist groups exploited the chaos, targeting both Assads forces and civilians. Asylum applicants in northern Europe receive welfare benefits including free education and health care while their applications are being processed, which presents a considerable cost to society. Every threat type was correlated with unfavorable views of migration and refugees and with favoring more restrictive control of migration. Both direct and indirect threats were related to unfavorable attitudes toward refugees, so there may be a bidirectional relationship between peoples attitudes and their perception of threat: The perception of threat gives rise to negative attitudes toward outsiders, and negative attitudes also cause greater threat perception. The Guardian, 2 set. HERIKA MARTINEZ/AFP/Getty Images. While the first three threats may be considered direct threats, the other three are extended threats. A third study, a replication of the second study, included a sample of 23 male and 108 female students (average age of 33 years) and concluded that, aside from the prejudice threat, every threat type was associated with unfavorable attitudes toward migrants. Its a continuation of the policy begun under the Trump administration known as Title 42, which essentially bans anyone from seeking asylum at the U.S. southern border under the pretext that concerns about the spread of Covid-19 mean they must immediately be deported. For years, asylum seekers have navigated the asylum system by changing their sexual and national identities. Refugee The United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR) defines refugees as those who have fled from conflict and persecution to seek protection in another country. This was shown in the behavior of newly certified French civil servants, who were more likely to reject Muslim applicants for refugee status; it was shown in the behavior of Swiss voters denying citizenship to Muslim applicants in direct democratic votes at higher rates than comparable Christians; and it was shown in the behavior of French citizens in experimental protocols fearing and discriminating against increasing numbers of Muslims in their midst more than Christians, even though both groups were from Senegal. Ukrainian refugees will not be as burdened by systemic failures in European migration policy as were the Syrians and North Africans in 2014-15. By giving all asylum seekers temporary work permits and cracking down on labor discrimination, member states with surplus capacity could gain a much-needed workforce and secure long-term influence in the region. The U.S. government has committed to resettle tens of thousands of Afghan and Ukrainian refugees. Syrians rejection of the refugee category reflects the widespread association in the Middle East of refugees with Palestinians, who have for decades lived in UN-assisted camps in the region. A refugee is someone who has been forced to flee his or her home because of war, violence or persecution, often without warning. RANA KHOURY: We certainly do see it play out in terms of the politics of refugee reception in the idea of whose burden should it be to take refugees who are from the global South, the Middle East, Africa, versus, you know, who is welcome and who can be brought in here. The U.S. response to both crises should be guided by international law, our moral obligations and our history. The way we talk about conflicts can impact those who are already most directly affected by war, refugees. Furthermore, semantics matter. The Century Foundation. The Italian government has at times closed its ports to foreign boats carrying rescued migrants. Stanford, California 94305. That's what makes it so shocking. The Century Foundation Landmann and colleagues in Germany conducted a series of four related studies to examine hostility toward refugees. Examining these six threat types, researchers tried to determine if only one or two of them might explain hostility toward refugees just as well or even better than all six factors combined. NPR's Andrew Limbong has more. Knowing what you value will help you build the most meaningful life possible. Watch on. And if you zoom way, way out when talking about refugees and displacement, countries in the Middle East, Africa and the global South have taken in more than their fair share of refugees. While not able to help everyone, the U.S. ensured that more than 123,000 people were safely flown out of Afghanistan and has already accepted 64,000 evacuees. Refugees and migrants arrive to Europe by the same road; they also face the same challenges in seeking asylum, labor, and housing, as well as integrating into their host communities. A charity that helps refugees has said there is a big variation in how the UK helps people from different countries. MAHDIS KESHAVARZ: I always kind of think this imagery of, like, this pearl clutch of being just aghast that something can happen in your backyard, where things are happening in other people's backyards all the time. Syrians are careful to disassociate themselves from the refugee identity. About 18,000 refugees from Ukraine have arrived in Switzerland so far, with tens of thousands more expected by summer. For example, people are not eligible to make a claim if they have: been convicted of serious criminal . You know, looking and seeing why African migrants aren't allowed to cross into Hungary is just as valid as just asking why Ukrainians are. It is not enough for them simply to stay alive. He's also covered the near collapse of the live music industry during the coronavirus pandemic. Famously declaring The fight is here. Khoury, the researcher, says race plays a part in all of this but also proximity and geopolitics, too. A recent report by Human Rights First documented at least 6,356 reports of kidnappings and attacks on asylum-seekers and migrants after they were turned away from the U.S. under Title 42. We need to demystify refugees cultural practices so they appear less threatening. Religion is a key factor influencing attitudes toward refugees. Given the risk of deportation, many also avoid the system altogether and work informally instead. Asked whether she recognised a difference in the treatment of refugees between 2015 and 2022, Frederiksen replied "yes, it is (different), because Ukraine is our region". Syrian Palestinians have always been treated differently to their Syrian counterparts; whereas Turkish authorities have given Syrian refugees a "temporary protection" status using a specific regulation (which has become increasingly precarious over time), Palestinians (including Syrian Palestinians) have had to apply for visas to enter and stay . This clear binary extends to Zelensky and Putin. The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. 5 Spiritual Practices That Increase Well-Being. Shooting, detaining, torturing, and executing protestors, Assad forcefully crushed pro-democracy protests during the Arab Spring. An anchor for Al-Jazeera English called Ukrainian refugees, quote, "middle-class people," in comparison to refugees from the Middle East and North Africa. The Harbour Project charity said many Ukrainians received immediate refugee. All refugees deserve. Andrew Limbong, NPR News. The Ukraine refugee crisis revealed deep-seated racism as racialized and Black refugees from Ukraine were treated differently. "Countries that had been really negative on the refugee issue and have made it very difficult for the EU to develop coherent refugee policy over the last decade, suddenly come forward with a much . Even though refugees are always victims of conflict, the civil war in Syria is more difficult to fit into this binary of right versus wrong, which may affect the EUs perceived political expediency of aiding Syrian refugees. KESHAVARZ: So as journalists, I think it's really critical that we look at that duality, and we question why that is. Laitin is the James T. Watkins IV and Elise V. Watkins Professor in the School of Humanities and Sciences and is a faculty co-director of the Stanford Immigration Policy Lab, which designs and evaluates immigration and integration policies and programs. When I called the Swedish immigration authorities (Migrationsverket) to verify this, their press person acknowledged that not many asylum seekers are working, but indicated that only few asylum seekers make use of the temporary work permits in the first place. The U.S. has an opportunity to build off of its strong response to the Ukrainian refugee crisis. By welcoming Ukrainian refugees and imposing economic sanctions on Russia, the EU has demonstrated its support for Ukrainian sovereignty and opposition to Russian aggression without direct military intervention. The Ukraine crisis may serve as a reminder that migration policy should be based on more careful collection of data. David Laitin discusses how the experience of Ukrainian refugees in Europe compares to those who have fled other conflicts and hardships. The European Parliament stresses in a report that even though Sweden offers low working restrictions for asylees, their labor market is inflexible and poorly adaptable to employees with different skills. They have received medical screenings and access to vaccinations upon their arrival. They met a woman from Guatemala traveling with her two daughters. Reportedly, some of the perpetrators behind the Paris attacks had exploited the asylum system to enter Europe, giving migration skeptics ample opportunity to call for border closures. 2016. For example, instead of comparing refugee numbers among European countries, refugee numbers in countries bordering conflict areas could be considered as a point of reference. Another way to reduce anger at refugees is by identifying responsibilities for social disruption, and understanding that European countries welfare is rooted in a global economy that sustains poverty in developing countries (p. 1416).1. They want to work and maintain their dignity, not just be refugees, he explained to me over the phone earlier this week. But research suggests some approaches can help communities successfully absorb all kinds of refugees Analysis by Claire. LIMBONG: Rana Khoury, a research associate at Princeton University focusing on conflict and displacement, says this language has impacts on global refugee policy. The findings could help inform long-term wildfire and ecosystem management in these zombie forests.. While the two categories are treated differently by law, in practice they are both asylum seekers. They are unable to return home unless and until conditions in their native lands are safe for them again. Study 4 used a more representative sample, consisting of 111 women and 140 men (mean age of 50 years). Build the most meaningful life possible of this but also proximity and geopolitics, too crises should be just... 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