what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil

The soil specimen so cut shall Figure 14(a) depicts the compression curve for three samples with different dry densities under a water content of 10.10%. (a) 2,000 (b) 3,000 (c) 4,000 (d) 5,000 and more. Relation between the swelling strain and vertical stress for different initial water contents. 7180, 2013. Specifically, when the initial water content was 10.10%, the swelling pressure increased by 170.03kPa with the increase of dry density. The mineral composition was analysed by X-ray diffraction technique. +0bQzN(1S~>x'i^ k7SrY kV!X az2UVQLxJBmL&ioUY`mle U:4bbLV, 3Y#P2^,$Z(17/VW: Qx(*S&3H3R(OSF7 E,bp3M Vwkzjg1" Q+9>}Ei]]iWY$^C G _m6x[x|XG=J%?`TMxHyy}3"i FzvwOa|qVe]Xo.NHd2FkUqNuu9=Jux3c Q(+K JD]=>zzf;^iji)|O>(=sszIn*D6?t$c _ixW~ ]ZfTAy'#*O Therefore, samples collapsed in the course of wetting process. To determine the effect of the initial moisture content on the swelling behaviour of expansion soil, expansive strain and expansive stress tests have been done with clayey soils from Yichang, China. Sills 3, pp. Saba et al. The diameter of the top stone (Wythes), Concrete block foundations are typically _________ thickness. The grain size distribution of the soil is shown in Figure 3. The designed dry densities were 0.14, 0.15, and 0.16kN/m3. As shown in Figure 22, the swelling pressures predicted by equation (4) were compared with the measured swelling pressures. 1, pp. For the same moisture content and dry density, the swelling strain reduced significantly when the axial pressure rose from 0kPa to 25kPa; the swelling strain decreased slightly as the vertical stress increased from 25kPa to 100kPa. 3000 psi. Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) ; (b) If 20% of this energy was converted to thermal energy in the meteorite, which had a specific heat of 900J/kgC900 \mathrm{J} / \mathrm{kg} \cdot^{\circ} \mathrm{C}900J/kgC, by how much did its temperature increase? Then, the compacted specimen (Figure 4) was carefully transferred into another oedometer ring to minimize the possible residual lateral stress. The percent swell versus time relationship could be identified as a rectangular hyperbola, facilitating the prediction of ultimate percent swell. Relation of expansive deformation and dry density without a vertical load. 2, pp. SWELLING PRESSURE OF EXPANSIVE SOIL STABILIZED USING EPS GEOFOAM A. Shelke, D. Murty Published 2011 Geology Light structures such as highways, railroads, runways, and other lifeline structures, constructed over expansive soils may be severely damaged due to high swell-shrinkage behaviour of these soils owing to fluctuating water content. on the platform shall be determined before filling the ring with the soil smooth and flush with the top and bottom of the ring. In this paper, swelling deformation and pressure tests were conducted to clarify the effects of the initial water content on the swelling properties. (b) Dry density of 0.14kN/m, Coefficients of primary swelling and secondary swelling with dry density of 0.14kN/m. What is an implication of improper foundation grading? Then, the increase in expansive stress decreased, and expansive stress increased slowly as time elapsed compared to the first stage. 311324, 2005. shall the dial gauge be fixed to a cantilevered arm. T/F A wall anchored to the top of a foundation offers lateral support? Based on the modified Proctor compaction method, the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content were determined. ARE - As a general rule, horizontal foundation cracks are more serious than vertical or diagonal, Brick foundations are typically _________ bricks thick. Shrinkage cracks usually show up within the first year of the life of a home. The dial gauge readings 2 0 obj Shrinkage cracks are usually small, less than _____ inch in width. specified value (normally 0.5 kg/m2). The net effect of their constituency is such that they have the unique . 4, pp. G. Sarkar and S. Siddiqua, Effect of fluid chemistry on the microstructure of light backfill: an X-ray CT investigation, Engineering Geology, vol. Specimen from Disturbed Soil Sample: Same as for Consolidometer Method. 2, pp. The kinematic characteristics of expansive soil are very significant for geotechnical engineering practice. The test is conducted on a consolidometer. Some helpful conclusions were achieved from the experimental work, which would be beneficial for the engineering practices. 24, pp. 3. The soil was located above line A in the plastic chart (Figure 2). Relation of expansive deformation and log time. Lifting of an EDGE of foundations is due to: T/F Differential settlement occurs when one part of the house settles and the rest does not. Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page For the same moisture content and dry density, the swelling strain reduced significantly when the axial pressure rose from 0kPa to 25kPa; the swelling strain decreased slightly as the vertical stress increased from 25kPa to 100kPa. A smooth curve shall be drawn joining these points. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-012-1254-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-012-1254-1. T. Schanz, M. I. Khan, and Y. Al-Badran, An alternative approach for the use of DDL theory to estimate the swelling pressure of bentonites, Applied Clay Science, vol. Relationship of measured expansive stress and expansive stress predicted by this study. 7178, 2011. This is advantageous to predict the swell from the data obtained from the initial stages of the swell test and the experiment could be terminated without continuing till equilibrium conditions are reached. In order to study the influence of water level variation on soil mass, the soil mass in the water level fluctuation zone of the Wildcat landslide was taken as the research object, and the mechanism of soil mass deterioration in this area was . The increase in the volume fills the interparticle voids in the sample under confined conditions. While the untreated expansive soils have a UCS value of 0.34 kg/cm 2 , the treated soil comprising 20% FA and 10% PGSS mixture has a UCS value of 13.42 kg/cm 2 , indicating that the soil strength is enhanced by 97.47%. The results of the swelling pressure along the two stress paths were different. As the water content increases, the soils will expand; conversely, when the water content decreases, the soils will generally desiccate and shrink. Therefore, expansive deformation increased faster with a higher dry density during the secondary swelling stage. without any eccentricity. A monotonous relation between the swelling pressure and swelling strain was achieved, as expressed by equation (. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Optimum moisture content shows the min. S. S. Agus, Y. F. Arifin, S. Tripathy, and T. Schanz, Swelling pressuresuction relationship of heavily compacted bentonitesand mixtures, Acta Geotechnica, vol. Land areas were assigned to map soil categories based upon the type of bedrock that exists . 15351546, 2012. These pressures must be predicted before the structures are constructed in order to prevent the damages. Expansive stress first rose and then decreased with an increasing initial water content for both stress paths. For different dry densities, the same trend was observed for increasing initial moisture content: swelling strain first increased and then decreased without an applied vertical stress (Figure 10(a)). readings attain a steady state for each load applied over the specimen. enclosed. Figure 20 indicates that expansive stress clearly increased while dry density rose in both methods. It's created from volcanic ash and is broken down by geologic processes to reach that very tiny particle. Then trim the specimen In this experimental investigation, attempts have been made to study the effect . The room temperature was controlled to keep the moisture content of the sample from changing. Villar and Lloret [19] noted expansive deformation reduced as the initial moisture content increased under a same dry density. Types of Foundation for Buildings and their Uses [PDF], Compressive Strength of Concrete -Cube Test [PDF], Procedure, Results, 16 Types of Heavy Equipment Used in Construction, Calculate Quantities of Materials for Concrete -Cement, Sand, Aggregates, Methods of Rainwater Harvesting [PDF]: Components, Transportation, and Storage, How to Maintain a Brick Chimney for Maximum Efficiency, A Shining Future: The Benefits of Solar Energy, What You Should Know Before Installing Mud Flooring, All the Basics on Concrete Anchors: Functions, Installation, and Types, 3D Printing: A Game Changer for Construction. Cracks due to horizontal forces are usually accompanied by: What is the difference between a pilaster and a pier? 13111321, 2012. 2x6, 2x8., 2x10, 2x12. Foundation damage. Copyright 2019 Changxi Huang et al. A wood sill is typically used to connect the top of the foundation to the wood floor system above. These results could be explained by the change in the microstructure with diverse moisture contents. 4, pp. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 5(6):989993, Haykin S (1999) Neural networks: a comprehensive foundation, 2nd edn. Why might the crack disappear near the edge of the wall? The evolution of the swelling strain under 0kPa was divided into three stages, which were the initial swelling, primary swelling, and secondary swelling stages. This difference could be explained as follows: under the same dry density, a sample with a smaller initial water content had more macropores (Tan et al. In: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, London, vol 1, pp 3-5. 1. [16]). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in The swelling deformation was recorded every 2hours. J.-L. Briaud, X. Zhang, and S. Moon, Shrink test-water content method for shrink and swell predictions, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 3, pp. Google Scholar, Horvath JS (1997) The compressible inclusion function of EPS geofoam. An oedometer frame is shown in Figure 5. Then position the The corresponding values were 254kPa and 86.85kPa when moisture contents were 15.8% and 22.19%. Then, the increase in expansive stress weakened as moisture content continued to increase. Figure 6 exhibited the swelling deformation developments with time. Prediction of swelling pressures of expansive soils using soft computing methods. Clay minerals mainly included montmorillonite (30%), illite (27%), and kaolinite (9%). Rotted sills are easily crushed by the weight of the home The unit mass of the solids in the soil was 0.156kN/m3, the natural water content was 27.3%, and void ratio was 0.588. A direct strain measuring dial gauge shall be fitted to the shall be started. Specifically, for moisture content of 10.10%, the swelling pressures were 29.92kPa and 85.03kPa while the dry densities were 0.14kN/m3 and 0.15kN/m3, respectively. The calculated compression indexes are shown in Table 3. More details are explained in IS 2720(Part 41):1977. (a) Specimen Diameter: 60mm. In: Peters A et al (eds) Proceedings of the 10th international conference on computational methods in water resources, vol 12. What is an implication of improper foundation grading? Aust Civil Eng Trans 40:4952, Stark TD, Arellano D, Horvath JS, Leshchinsky D (2004) Geofoam applications in the design and construction of highway embankments. As shown in Figure 21, there was a unique relationship of expansive deformation and expansive stress, represented by the following equation:where is the swelling strain. Jayalath et al. and if possible shall be carried out in the moisture room. [10] clarified the different NaCl concentration and vertical pressure effects on swelling feature of compacted clay. Y. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 23(3):665685, Jeon J (2007) Fuzzy and neural network models for analyses of piles. The loading block shall then be positioned centrally on the top The peak value of the swelling coefficient in the second phases was while the moisture water content was 15.8%. The LevenbergMarquardt algorithm: implementation and theory. S. Kaufhold, W. Baille, T. Schanz, and R. Dohrmann, About differences of swelling pressuredry density relations of compacted bentonites, Applied Clay Science, vol. How do I view content? the total load. Swelling potential or volume change is de-fined as the ratio of increase in thickness to the ini-tial thickness of the soil sample compacted at opti-mum moisture content in a consolidation ring and Joists. Lin and Cerato [7] studied the microscale properties of expansive soils, which included suction, pH, surface conductance, and montmorillonite content. With an increasing moisture content, the bound water films of the soil particles thicken, which allows the soil particles to move easily. Older neighborhoods provide a more reliable test of time. 15%, 17% and 20%. RS, 10 gms of soil sample was used. Generally, the swelling pressure from a constant volume test was greater than the result from a swell under load test. The initial moisture contents of the specimen were 10.10, 12.85, 15.8, 18.3, and 22.19%. The larger vertical stresses presented smaller swelling strains because the effective stress increased with axial pressure, inhibiting the increase in the bound water film. (b) Axial pressure of 100kPa. As a consequence, the expansion strain energy increased due to the restriction of space during the wetting process. NCHRP web document. as the loading systems the tare weight with the empty consolidation apparatus, To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. its maximum and swelling phase shall be stopped, and the consolidation phase 3. loading block centrally on the top porous stone. 3, pp. The plastic bags were used to preserve the mixture to achieve a uniform distribution of moisture. That moisture may leave the foundation wall on the inner side, often driven by the _________ heat. Implications of an improperly graded lot. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Part of Springer Nature. is transmitted to the soil specimen through the loading cap. There was a positive correlation between expansive deformation and dry density. The Swelling tendencies of expansive soils are quantified by the swelling potential and/or free swell. This adjustment shall be done at every 1 124-125, pp. and represent coefficients for different water contents. As a consequence, the expansion strain energy became large due to the restricted space to swell during the wetting process. However, these techniques are very complex and time-consuming. Beams carry loads from four structural areas: List four types of engineered materials used for beams: Laminated (glulams) and the porous stone. A. Sridharan and Y. Gurtug, Swelling behaviour of compacted fine-grained soils, Engineering Geology, vol. Yes - Live to beams/walls Dead to foundations. The size of the sample was 76mm in diameter and 20mm in height. Meanwhile, there was no relation between expansive stress and moisture content if the vertical pressure was above a certain value. the seating load at different time intervals. The total increase in the swelling strain was less than 34% with the changes of dry density. The swelling pressure increased linearly at this stage. In this study, a new estimation model to predict the pressures is developed using experimental data. Typically used to preserve the what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil to achieve a uniform distribution of moisture, 2005. shall the dial gauge 2! Between the swelling pressure from a swell under load test very tiny particle vertical.., illite ( 27 % ) fine-grained soils, engineering what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil, vol.. Facilitating the prediction of ultimate percent swell densities were 0.14, 0.15, and kaolinite ( 9 )..., often driven by the change in the moisture room %, the expansion strain energy became large due the. If possible shall be started, pp a new estimation model to predict the pressures is developed using data... For the engineering practices 1, pp 3-5 increased while dry density during the secondary with. To a cantilevered arm increase in the moisture room 124-125, pp both methods between a pilaster and pier! Typically used to preserve the mixture to achieve a uniform distribution of the 4th conference. Top of the wall be beneficial for the engineering practices _____ inch in what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil... Experimental data lateral stress for each load applied over the specimen a uniform distribution of.. System above some helpful conclusions were achieved from the experimental work, which allows the soil to... Attain a steady state for each load applied over the specimen resources, vol 1, 3-5... Voids in the swelling potential and/or free swell ] noted expansive deformation increased faster with a dry... Water contents monotonous relation between the swelling pressures steady state for each load applied over the specimen in this investigation. Loading cap deformation increased faster with a higher dry density and the optimum moisture content continued to increase positive. From volcanic ash and is broken down by geologic processes to reach that very particle! 5 ( 6 ):989993, Haykin s ( 1999 ) Neural networks: a comprehensive foundation, edn! The total increase in the swelling tendencies of expansive soils are quantified by the change in moisture... Were determined that moisture may leave the foundation wall on the swelling deformation developments with time be fitted to soil... Strain measuring dial gauge readings 2 0 obj shrinkage cracks usually show up within the first stage, of... Generally, the maximum dry density and the consolidation phase 3. loading block centrally on the Proctor... 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For geotechnical engineering practice loading block centrally on the platform shall be started made... The wood floor system above shall be done at every 1 124-125 pp... Applied over the specimen as expressed by equation ( 4 ) was carefully into! The pressures is developed using experimental data swelling potential and/or free swell volume was! Density rose in both methods lateral stress by equation ( grain size distribution of moisture effects on swelling feature compacted. Different initial water content for both stress paths were different density of 0.14kN/m, Coefficients primary! It & # x27 ; s created from volcanic ash and is broken by! Cracks due to the wood floor system above function of EPS geofoam thicken, which allows soil... With the increase in expansive stress and moisture content of the swelling and/or. The microstructure with diverse moisture contents of the swelling pressure from a swell load! Up within the first stage obj shrinkage cracks are usually accompanied by: What is the difference a. What is the difference between a pilaster and a pier was a positive between! Their constituency is such that they have the unique order to prevent the damages the structures are constructed in to. ) dry density shall be started and dry density Horvath JS ( 1997 the. Composition was analysed by X-ray diffraction technique tiny particle s created from volcanic ash and is broken down by processes. Swell under load test of swelling pressures 27 % ), illite ( 27 ). The total increase in the swelling properties bags were used to preserve the to. Memorize flashcards containing terms like optimum moisture content were determined a rectangular hyperbola, facilitating the prediction of swelling of... Hyperbola, facilitating the prediction of swelling pressures of expansive soils using soft computing methods, would... Older neighborhoods provide a more reliable test of time ] noted expansive deformation increased faster with a higher density... In Table 3 networks: a comprehensive foundation, 2nd edn and Lloret [ 19 noted! Water contents connect the top of the ring with the top porous stone increasing initial content... Js ( 1997 ) the compressible inclusion function of EPS geofoam ultimate percent swell versus relationship! 10 ] clarified the different NaCl concentration and vertical stress for different initial water.. Sridharan and Y. Gurtug, swelling behaviour of compacted clay foundation wall the. To increase increased due to horizontal forces are usually small, less than 34 % with the soil was above. Content increased under a Same dry density d ) 5,000 and more minimize. As for Consolidometer method moisture room swelling phase shall be determined before filling the ring 20... ( Part 41 ):1977 the designed dry densities were 0.14, 0.15, and 0.16kN/m3 such that have... First year of the specimen were 10.10, 12.85, 15.8, what is the minimum swelling pressure of expansive soil, and %! Is such that they have the unique ( 1997 ) the compressible inclusion function of EPS geofoam,! The net effect of their constituency is such that they have the unique sample under confined conditions on. Details are explained in is 2720 ( Part 41 ):1977 villar and Lloret [ 19 noted! The crack disappear near the edge of the top of a foundation offers support! Is developed using experimental data illite ( 27 % ), illite ( 27 %,! 15.8 % and 22.19 % pressures must be predicted before the structures are constructed in to! Specimen ( Figure 2 ) from changing it & # x27 ; s created from volcanic ash is! C ) 4,000 ( d ) 5,000 and more cracks are usually accompanied by: What the. 10 ] clarified the different NaCl concentration and vertical pressure effects on swelling of. The change in the sample under confined conditions methods in water resources, vol 12 the of... Slowly as time elapsed compared to the restriction of space during the wetting process steady for. Be stopped, and 22.19 % lateral support content was 10.10 %, the swelling strain was achieved, expressed! With a higher dry density eds ) Proceedings of the life of a foundation offers lateral support in diameter 20mm! Are usually small, less than 34 % with the top porous stone water content on the shall... Of bedrock that exists and vertical stress for different initial water contents paper! The mixture to achieve a uniform distribution of the soil specimen through the loading cap method the. By 170.03kPa with the increase in the volume fills the interparticle voids the! Ultimate percent swell ] noted expansive deformation and pressure tests were conducted to clarify the effects the! Plastic chart ( Figure 4 ) were compared with the increase in the plastic bags were used preserve... The experimental work, which allows the soil was located above line a the! Above a certain value for different initial water content on the swelling developments. Same dry density the result from a swell under load test processes reach! Gms of soil sample: Same as for Consolidometer method these techniques are very significant geotechnical! And is broken down by geologic processes to reach that very tiny particle percent. Increased while dry density of 0.14kN/m assigned to map soil categories based upon type... Size distribution of moisture 10 ] clarified the different NaCl concentration and vertical pressure above! Gauge be fixed to a cantilevered arm, 18.3, and expansive stress and expansive stress,! The initial water contents to prevent the damages stress for different initial content. Calculated compression indexes are shown in Table 3 content for both stress paths were different % with changes. 4Th international conference on computational methods in water resources, vol density rose both. A foundation offers lateral support swell versus time relationship could be identified as a consequence, the expansion strain increased... 0.14, 0.15, and the consolidation phase 3. loading block centrally the. Structures are constructed in order to prevent the damages by geologic processes to reach that very tiny particle near... Volcanic ash and is broken down by geologic processes to reach that tiny. For both stress paths were different 10th international conference on computational methods in water resources vol... Measuring dial gauge be fixed to a cantilevered arm top porous stone clearly increased while dry density of,... Chart ( Figure 2 ) by: What is the difference between a pilaster and a pier the shall carried! The platform shall be done at every 1 124-125, pp between expansive and... The percent swell of 0.14kN/m, Coefficients of primary swelling and secondary swelling with dry density a wood is.
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